Is Tobacco a Member of the Nightshade Family

Family of flowering plants that includes tomatoes, potatoes and tobacco

Solanaceae Temporal range: Early Eocene to Recent, 52–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
A flowering Brugmansia suaveolens from the US Botanic Garden
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family unit:	Solanaceae Juss.
Subfamilies[1]
Cestroideae Goetzeoideae Nicotianoideae Petunioideae Schizanthoideae Schwenckioideae Solanoideae

Fruits including tomatoes, tomatillos, eggplant, bell peppers and chili peppers, all of which are closely related members of the Solanaceae.

The Solanaceae ,^{[ commendation needed ]} or nightshades, are a family unit of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agronomical crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many—including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell and chili peppers—are used as nutrient. The family belongs to the social club Solanales, in the asterid group and form Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons).^[2] The Solanaceae consists of almost 98 genera and some 2,700 species,^[iii] with a smashing diversity of habitats, morphology and environmental.

The proper noun Solanaceae derives from the genus Solanum. The etymology of the Latin word is unclear. The name may come from a perceived resemblance of certain solanaceous flowers to the sun and its rays. At least ane species of Solanum is known as the "sunberry". Alternatively, the name could originate from the Latin verb solare, significant "to soothe", presumably referring to the soothing pharmacological properties of some of the psychoactive species of the family.

The family has a worldwide distribution, being nowadays on all continents except Antarctica. The greatest variety in species is found in Due south America and Key America. In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of a fossil tomatillo, Physalis infinemundi, found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years B.P. The finding has pushed dorsum the earliest appearance of the establish family Solanaceae.^[4] As tomatillos probable developed afterwards than other nightshades, this may mean that the Solanaceae may have kickoff developed during the Mesozoic Era.^[5]

The Solanaceae include a number of unremarkably collected or cultivated species. The almost economically of import genus of the family unit is Solanum, which contains the potato (S. tuberosum, in fact, some other common proper noun of the family is the "potato family"), the tomato plant (Due south. lycopersicum), and the eggplant or aubergine (S. melongena). Another important genus, Capsicum, produces both chili peppers and bell peppers.

The genus Physalis produces the so-called groundcherries, every bit well as the tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica), Physalis peruviana (Greatcoat gooseberry) and Physalis alkekengi (Chinese lantern). The genus Lycium contains the boxthorns and the goji drupe, Lycium barbarum. Nicotiana contains, among other species, tobacco. Another of import members of Solanaceae include a number of ornamental plants such as Petunia, Browallia, and Lycianthes, and sources of psychoactive alkaloids, Datura, Mandragora (mandrake), and Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Sure species are widely known for their medicinal uses, their psychotropic effects, or for being poisonous.^[6]

About of the economically important genera are independent in the subfamily Solanoideae, with the exceptions of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotianoideae) and petunia (Petunia × hybrida, Petunioideae).

Many of the Solanaceae, such as tobacco and petunia, are used as model organisms in the investigation of central biological questions at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels.^{[ citation needed ]}

Etymology and pronunciation [edit]

The proper noun "Solanaceae" () comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Solanum, the type genus, + -aceae,^[7] a standardized suffix for plant family unit names in modern taxonomy. The genus proper noun comes from the Classical Latin give-and-take solanum, referring to nightshades (especially Solanum nigrum), "probably from sol, 'sun', + -anum, neuter of -anus."^[7]

Description [edit]

Analogy of Solanum dulcamara, 1.- Blossom, ii.- Bloom in longitudinal department, without the petals; 3.- Androecium; four.- Ovary, in transverse section; 5.- Seed viewed from above; 6.- Seed in transverse section, note the curved embryo surrounding the endosperm; A.- Branch with leaves and flowers; B.- Stem with immature and mature fruit

Plants in the Solanaceae can have the grade of herbs, shrubs, trees, vines and lianas, and sometimes epiphytes. They can be annuals, biennials, or perennials, upright or decumbent. Some have subterranean tubers. They do not take laticifers, nor latex, nor coloured saps. They can accept a basal or concluding group of leaves or neither of these types. The leaves are more often than not alternating or alternate to opposed (that is, alternate at the base of the plant and opposed towards the inflorescence). The leaves can be herbaceous, leathery, or transformed into spines. The leaves are by and large petiolate or subsessile, rarely sessile. They are often inodorous, but some are aromatic or fetid. The foliar lamina tin be either simple or compound, and the latter can exist either pinnatifid or ternate. The leaves have reticulated venation and lack a basal meristem. The laminae are generally dorsiventral and lack secretory cavities. The stomata are by and large bars to one of a leaf's 2 sides; they are rarely plant on both sides.

The flowers are more often than not hermaphrodites, although some are monoecious, andromonoecious, or dioecious species (such as some Solanum or Symonanthus). Pollination is entomophilous. The flowers can be solitary or grouped into final, cymose, or axillary inflorescences. The flowers are medium-sized, fragrant (Nicotiana), fetid (Anthocercis), or inodorous. The flowers are usually actinomorphic, slightly zygomorphic, or markedly zygomorphic (for example, in flowers with a bilabial corolla in Schizanthus species). The irregularities in symmetry tin exist due to the androecium, to the perianth, or both at the aforementioned time. In the great majority of species, the flowers have a differentiated perianth with a calyx and corolla (with five sepals and five petals, respectively) an androecium with 5 stamens and two carpels forming a gynoecium with a superior ovary^[8] (they are therefore referred to as pentamers and tetracyclic). The stamens are epipetalous and are typically present in multiples of four or v, most commonly four or viii. They usually take a hypogynous deejay. The calyx is gamosepalous (as the sepals are joined forming a tube), with the (4)v(half dozen) segments equal, it has five lobes, with the lobes shorter than the tube, it is persistent and often accrescent. The corolla usually has five petals that are likewise joined forming a tube. Blossom shapes are typically rotate (wheel-shaped, spreading in ane plane, with a brusk tube) or tubular (elongated cylindrical tube), campanulated or funnel-shaped.

The androecium has (2)(iv)v(half-dozen) free stamens inside it, oppositsepals (that is, they alternate with the petals), they are commonly fertile or, in some cases (for case in Salpiglossideae) they have staminodes. In the latter instance, there is usually either one staminode (Salpiglossis) or three (Schizanthus). The anthers touch on their upper end forming a band, or they are completely gratuitous, dorsifixed, or basifixed with poricide dehiscence or through small longitudinal cracks. The stamen's filament can be filliform or flat. The stamens tin can exist inserted inside the coralline tube or exserted. The plants demonstrate simultaneous microsporogenesis, the microspores are tetrad, tetrahedral, or isobilateral. The pollen grains are bicellular at the moment of dehiscence, usually open and angular.

The gynoecium is bicarpelar (rarely iii- or 5-locular) with a superior ovary and 2 locules, which may be secondarily divided by false septa, every bit is the case for Nicandreae and Datureae. The gynoecium is located in an oblique position relative to the blossom's median airplane. They take one way and one stigma; the latter is unproblematic or bilobate. Each locule has one to 50 ovules that are anatropous or hemianatropous with axillar placentation. The evolution of the embryo sack can exist the aforementioned as for Polygonum or Allium species. The embryo sack's nuclear poles become fused before fertilization. The three antipodes are ordinarily ephemeral or persistent every bit in the case of Atropa. The fruit tin can be a berry every bit in the example of the tomato or wolfberry a dehiscent capsule as in Datura, or a drupe. The fruit has centric placentation. The capsules are normally septicidal or rarely loculicidal or valvate. The seeds are normally endospermic, oily (rarely starchy), and without obvious hairs. The seeds of almost Solanaceae are circular and flat, about 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) in diameter. The embryo can exist directly or curved, and has two cotyledons. Most species in the Solanaceae take 2n=24 chromosomes,^[9] just the number may exist a higher multiple of 12 due to polyploidy. Wild potatoes, of which at that place are about 200, are predominantly diploid (ii × 12 = 24 chromosomes), but triploid (3 × 12 = 36 chromosomes), tetraploid (4 × 12 = 48 chromosomes), pentaploid (five × 12 = 60) and even hexaploid (half dozen × 12 = 72 chromosome) species or populations be. The cultivated species Solanum tuberosum has four × 12 = 48 chromosomes. Some Capsicum species have 2 × 12 = 24 chromosomes, while others have 26 chromosomes.

Diversity of characteristics [edit]

Despite the previous description, the Solanaceae showroom a large morphological variability, fifty-fifty in their reproductive characteristics. Examples of this variety include:^{[10] [11]}

• The number of carpels that form the gynoecium

In full general, the Solanaceae take a gynoecium (the female part of the bloom) formed of 2 carpels. Nonetheless, Melananthus has a monocarpelar gynoecium, there are iii or four carpels in Capsicum, iii to five in Nicandra, some species of Jaborosa and Trianaea and 4 carpels in Iochroma umbellatum.

• The number of locules in the ovary

The number of locules in the ovary is usually the same as the number of carpels. Nevertheless, some species occur in which the numbers are not the same due to the beingness of false septa (internal walls that subdivide each locule), such as in Datura and some members of the Lycieae (the genera Grabowskia and Vassobia).

• Type of ovules and their number

The ovules are generally inverted, folded sharply backwards (anatropous), only some genera have ovules that are rotated at right angles to their stem (campilotropous) as in Phrodus, Grabowskia or Vassobia), or are partially inverted (hemitropous every bit in Cestrum, Capsicum, Schizanthus and Lycium). The number of ovules per locule also varies from a few (two pairs in each locule in Grabowskia, one pair in each locule in Lycium) and very occasionally simply i ovule is in each locule as for case in Melananthus.

• The type of fruit

The fruits of the bully majority of the Solanaceae are berries or capsules (including pyxidia) and less often drupes. Berries are common in the subfamilies Cestroideae, Solanoideae (with the exception of Datura, Oryctus, Grabowskia and the tribe Hyoscyameae) and the tribe Juanulloideae (with the exception of Markea). Capsules are characteristic of the subfamilies Cestroideae (with the exception of Cestrum) and Schizanthoideae, the tribes Salpiglossoideae and Anthocercidoideae, and the genus Datura. The tribe Hyoscyameae has pyxidia. Drupes are typical of the Lycieae tribe and in Iochrominae.^[12]

Alkaloids [edit]

Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic substances produced by plants as a secondary metabolite and which have an intense physiological action on animals fifty-fifty at low doses.^{[ citation needed ]} Solanaceae are known for having a various range of alkaloids. To humans, these alkaloids can be desirable, toxic, or both. The tropanes are the most well-known of the alkaloids institute in the Solanaceae. The plants that comprise these substances have been used for centuries as poisons. Nonetheless, despite being recognized as poisons, many of these substances take invaluable pharmaceutical properties. Many species comprise a variety of alkaloids that tin be more or less active or poisonous, such as scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine, and nicotine. They are found in plants such equally henbane (Hyoscyamus albus), belladonna (Atropa belladonna), jimson weed (Datura stramonium), mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis), tobacco, and others. Some of the principal types of alkaloids are:

Chemical construction of solanine

• Solanine: A toxic glycoalkaloid with a bitter taste, it has the formula C₄₅H₇₃NO₁₅. Information technology is formed by the alkaloid solanidine with a carbohydrate side chain. Information technology is found in leaves, fruit, and tubers of various Solanaceae such as the potato and tomato plant. Its product is thought to exist an adaptive defence strategy against herbivores. Substance intoxication from solanine is characterized past gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhoea, vomiting, intestinal pain) and neurological disorders (hallucinations and headache). The median lethal dose is between two and five mg/kg of body weight. Symptoms become manifest 8 to 12 hours after ingestion. The amount of these glycoalkaloids in potatoes, for instance, varies significantly depending on environmental conditions during their cultivation, the length of storage, and the variety. The average glycoalkaloid concentration is 0.075 mg/g of potato.^[thirteen] Solanine has occasionally been responsible for poisonings in people who ate berries from species such as Solanum nigrum or Solanum dulcamara, or green potatoes.^{[14] [15]}

Chemical structure of the tropanes.

• Tropanes: The term "tropane" comes from a genus in which they are found, Atropa (the belladonna genus). Atropa is named after the Greek Fate, Atropos, who cut the thread of life. This nomenclature reflects its toxicity and lethality. They are bicyclic organic nitrogen compounds (IUPAC nomenclature: 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane), with the chemical formula of C₈H₁₅N. These alkaloids include, among others, atropine, cocaine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. They are found in various species, such as mandrake (Mandragora officinarum and G. autumnalis ), black henbane or stinking nightshade (Hyoscyamus niger), belladonna (Atropa belladonna), jimson weed or devil's snare (Datura stramonium) and Brugmansia , as well as many others in the family Solanaceae.^[16] Pharmacologically, they are the almost powerful known anticholinergics in existence, meaning they inhibit the neurological signals transmitted by the endogenous neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. More normally, they can halt many types of allergic reactions. Symptoms of overdose may include dry mouth, dilated pupils, ataxia, urinary retention, hallucinations, convulsions, coma, and death. Atropine, a normally used ophthalmological agent, dilates the pupils and thus facilitates examination of the interior of the centre. In fact, juice from the berries of A. belladonna were used by Italian courtesans during the Renaissance to exaggerate the size of their eyes by causing the dilation of their pupils ("bella donna" means "pretty woman" in Italian). Despite the extreme toxicity of the tropanes, they are useful drugs when administered in extremely minor dosages. They can reverse cholinergic poisoning, which can be acquired by overexposure to organophosphate insecticides and chemical warfare agents such every bit sarin and VX. Scopolamine (found in Hyoscyamus muticus and Scopolia carniolica), is used as an antiemetic confronting motion sickness or for people suffering from nausea as a issue of receiving chemotherapy.^{[17] [18]} Scopolamine and hyoscyamine are the most widely used tropane alkaloids in pharmacology and medicine due to their effects on the parasympathetic nervous system. Atropine has a stimulant effect on the key nervous system and heart, whereas scopolamine has a sedative effect. These alkaloids cannot be substituted by any other grade of compounds, so they are still in demand. This is one of the reasons for the development of an active field of enquiry into the metabolism of the alkaloids, the enzymes involved, and the genes that produce them. Hyoscyamine 6-β-hydroxylase, for example, catalyses the hydroxylation of hyoscyamine that leads to the production of scopolamine at the end of the tropane's biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme has been isolated and the corresponding gene cloned from three species: H. niger, A. belladonna and B. candida.^{[19] [20] [21]}

Chemic construction of nicotine.

• Nicotine: Nicotine (IUPAC nomenclature (S)-three-(1-methylpyrrolidin-two-yl) pyridine) is a pyrrolidine alkaloid produced in large quantities in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). Edible Solanaceae such as eggplants, tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers likewise contain nicotine, but at concentrations 100,000 to 1,000,000 times less than tobacco.^{[22] [23]} Nicotine's part in a plant is to act as a defense confronting herbivores, as it is a very effective neurotoxin, in detail against insects. In fact, nicotine has been used for many years as an insecticide, though its utilise is currently being replaced past synthetic molecules derived from its structure. At depression concentrations, nicotine acts every bit a stimulant in mammals, which causes the dependency in smokers. Like the tropanes, it acts on cholinergic neurons, but with the opposite effect (it is an agonist equally opposed to an antagonist). It has a higher specificity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors than other ACh proteins.

• Capsaicin: Capsaicin (IUPAC nomenclature viii-methyl-North-vanillyl-trans-six-nonenamide) is structurally dissimilar from nicotine and the tropanes. It is found in species of the genus Capsicum, which includes chilis and habaneros and it is the active ingredient that determines the Scoville rating of these spices. The chemical compound is not noticeably toxic to humans. Notwithstanding, information technology stimulates specific hurting receptors in the majority of mammals, specifically those related to the perception of rut in the oral mucosa and other epithelial tissues. When capsaicin comes into contact with these mucosae, it causes a called-for sensation little different from a burn down caused by fire. Capsaicin affects only mammals, not birds. Pepper seeds can survive the digestive tracts of birds; their fruit becomes brightly coloured once its seeds are mature enough to germinate, thereby attracting the attending of birds that then distribute the seeds. Capsaicin extract is used to make pepper spray, a useful deterrent against aggressive and peaceful mammals.

Distribution [edit]

Map showing the distribution of the Solanaceae throughout the world (light green areas)

Fifty-fifty though members of the Solanaceae are found on all continents except Antarctica, the greatest diverseness of species are constitute in Central America and South America. Centers of diversity also occur in Australia and Africa. Solanaceae occupy a neat number of unlike ecosystems, from deserts to rainforests, and are often constitute in the secondary vegetation that colonizes disturbed areas. In general, plants in this family are of tropical and temperate distribution.

Constitute host [edit]

The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, specially the potato establish (Solanum tuberosum). Female P. operculella apply the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae volition eat abroad at the mesophyll of the leaf. After feeding on the leafage, the larvae will then delve down and feed on the tubers and roots of the plant.^[24]

Taxonomy [edit]

The following taxonomic synopsis of the Solanaceae, including subfamilies, tribes and genera, is based on the most contempo molecular phylogenetics studies of the family:^{[ii] [iii] [25] [26]}

Cestroideae (Browallioideae) [edit]

Cestrum elegans, ( subfamily : Cestroideae ), a shrub used as an ornamental.

This subfamily is characterised past the presence of pericyclic fibres, an androecium with four or five stamens, frequently didynamous. The basic chromosome numbers are highly variable, from 10=7 to 10=13. The subfamily consists of eight genera (divided into three tribes) and well-nigh 195 species distributed throughout the Americas. The genus Cestrum is the most of import, equally it contains 175 of the 195 species in the subfamily. The Cestreae tribe is unusual because it includes taxa with long chromosomes (from 7.21 to 11.511 µm in length), when the residual of the family by and large possesses short chromosomes (for case between 1.five and 3.52 µm in the Nicotianoideae)

• Browallieae Hunz.
  • Browallia 50., genus with six species distributed throughout the Neotropical realm to Arizona in the United States
  • Streptosolen Miers, monotypic genus native to the Andes
• Cestreae tribe Don, three genera of woody plants, generally shrubs
  • Cestrum L., some 175 species distributed throughout the Neotropical realm
  • Sessea Ruiz & Pav., xix species from the Andes
  • Vestia Willd., monotypic genus from Republic of chile
• Salpiglossideae tribe (Benth.) Hunz.
  • Reyesia Gay, iv species, three confined to northern Chile and one in both northern Republic of chile and northern Argentina.
  • Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav., two species originating from southern Southward America

Goetzeoideae [edit]

This subfamily is characterized by the presence of drupes as fruit and seeds with curved embryos and large fleshy cotyledons. The basic chromosome number is x=thirteen. It includes four genera and five species distributed throughout the Greater Antilles. Some authors propose their molecular data indicate the monotypic genera Tsoala Bosser & D'Arcy should be included in this subfamily, owned to Madagascar, and Metternichia to the southeast of Brazil. Goetzeaceae Airy Shaw is considered equally a synonym of this subfamily.^[27]

• Coeloneurum Radlk., monotypic genus endemic to Hispaniola
• Espadaea Rchb., monotypic, from Cuba
• Goetzea Wydler, includes two species from the Antilles
• Henoonia Griseb., monotypic, originating in Republic of cuba

Nicotianoideae [edit]

• Anthocercideae G.Don: This tribe, owned to Australia, contains 31 species in seven genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the tribe point information technology is the sister of Nicotiana, and the genera Anthocercis, Anthotroche, Grammosolen, and Symonanthus are monophyletic. Some characteristics are also thought to be derived from within the tribe, such every bit the unilocular stamens with semicircular opercula, bracteolate flowers, and berries as fruit.^[28]
  • Anthocercis Labill., 10 species, Commonwealth of australia
  • Anthotroche Endl., iv species, Australia
  • Crenidium Haegi, monotypic genus, Australia
  • Cyphanthera Miers, 9 species, Commonwealth of australia
  • Duboisia R.Br., four species, Australia
  • Grammosolen Haegi, two species, Commonwealth of australia
  • Symonanthus Haegi, two species, Australia
• Nicotianeae tribe Dum.
  • Nicotiana 50., genus widely distributed, with 52 American species, 23 Australian, and 1 African

Petunioideae [edit]

Molecular phylogenetics indicates that Petunioideae is the sister clade of the subfamilies with chromosome number x=12 (Solanoideae and Nicotianoideae). They contain calistegins, alkaloids similar to the tropanes. The androecium is formed of four stamens (rarely five), usually with two different lengths. The bones chromosome number of this subfamily can be x=vii, 8, 9 or 11. Information technology consists of 13 genera and some 160 species distributed throughout Primal and South America. Molecular data suggest the genera originated in Patagonia. Benthamiella, Combera, and Pantacantha grade a clade that can be categorized as a tribe (Benthamielleae) that should be in the subfamily Goetzeoideae.

• Benthamiella Speg., 12 species native to Patagonia
• Bouchetia Dunal, three neotropical species
• Brunfelsia 50., around 45 species from the neotropics
• Calibrachoa Cerv. ex La Llave & Lex., consists of 32 species from the neotropics. The morphological data suggest this genus should be included within the Petunia. Still, the molecular and cytogenetic data indicate both should be kept separate. In fact, Calibrachoa has a basic chromosome number x=ix, while that of Petunia is x=7.^{[29] [30]}
• Combera Sandw., two species from Patagonia
• Fabiana Ruiz & Pav., 15 species native to the Andes
• Hunzikeria D'Arcy, iii species from the southwest United states of america and Mexico
• Leptoglossis Benth., seven species from western South America
• Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav., 21 species from South America
• Pantacantha Speg., monospecific genus from Patagonia
• Petunia (Juss.) Wijsman, 18 species from South America
• Plowmania Hunz. & Subils, monotypic genus from Mexico and Guatemala

Schizanthoideae [edit]

Zygomorphic flowers, with bilabiate corolla of Schizanthus pinnatus, a schizanthoidea ornamental

The Schizanthoideae include annual and biennial plants with tropane alkaloids, without pericyclic fibres, with characteristic hair and pollen grains. The flowers are zygomorphic. The androecium has two stamens and iii staminodes, anther dehiscence is explosive. In terms of fruit type, the Schizanthoidae retain the plesiomorphic fruit form of the family Solanaceae, capsules, which rely on an anemochorous, abiotic grade of dispersal. This is present in Schizanthoidae due both to the genetic constraints of early deviation (see below) as well as Schizanthus evolution and presence in open habitats.^[31] The embryo is curved. The basic chromosome number is x=10. Schizanthus is a somewhat singular genus among the Solanaceae due to its strongly zygomorphic flowers and bones chromosome number. Morphological and molecular information suggest Schizanthus is a sis genus to the other Solanaceae and diverged early from the residual, probably in the belatedly Cretaceous or in the early Cenozoic, 50 million years ago.^{[25] [26]} The great diverseness of flower types within Schizanthus has been the product of the species' adaptation to the different types of pollinators that existed in the Mediterranean, high alpine, and desert ecosystems then present in Chile and adjacent areas of Argentina.^[32]

• Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav., 12 species originating from Republic of chile.

Schwenckioideae [edit]

Annual plants with pericyclic fibres, their flowers are zygomorphic, the androecium has four didynamous stamens or three staminodes; the embryo is direct and short. The basic chromosome number is x=12. Information technology includes four genera and some xxx species distributed throughout Southward America.

• Heteranthia Nees & Mart., one species from Brazil
• Melananthus Walp., 5 species from Brazil, Cuba, and Republic of guatemala
• Protoschwenckia Soler , monotypic genus from Bolivia and Brazil, some molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested this genus has an uncertain taxonomic position inside the subfamily
• Schwenckia Fifty., 22 species distributed throughout the neotropical regions of America

Solanoideae [edit]

Capsicum frutescens cultivar "tabasco", a solanoidea

In the fruit of Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry), the persistent calyx surrounds the fruit.

Solanum bonariense flower

Flower of Solanum betaceum (=Cyphomandra betacea)

• Capsiceae Dumort
  • Capsicum L. includes twoscore accepted neotropical species^[33]
  • Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassler, some 200 species distributed throughout America and Asia
• Datureae M.Don, two genera are perfectly differentiated at both the morphological and molecular levels, Brugmansia includes tree species, while Datura contains herbs or shrubs, the latter genus can be divided into three sections: Stramonium, Dutra and Ceratocaulis.^[34] The monotypic genus Trompettia has recently been created to arrange the Bolivian shrub formerly known equally Iochroma cardenasianum - now known to belong to Datureae and not Physaleae equally previously idea.^[35]
  • Brugmansia Persoon, six species from the Andes
  • Datura L., 12 neotropical species
  • Trompettia J.Dupin, Single species from Andean Bolivia
• Hyoscyameae Endl.
  • Anisodus Link, four species from Red china, India and the Himalayas
  • Archihyoscyamus A.M.Lu, unmarried species from Turkey and Iran.
  • Atropa 50., 4 Euro-Asiatic species^[33]
  • Atropanthe Pascher, monotypic genus from People's republic of china
  • Hyoscyamus 50., x accustomed species^[33] distributed from the Mediterranean to Red china
  • Physochlaina K.Don, vi accepted Euro-Asiatic species^[33]
  • Przewalskia Maxim., two species from Mainland china
  • Scopolia Jacq., disjunct distribution with ii European species and two from East Asia.
• Jaboroseae Miers
  • Jaborosa Juss., genus that includes 23 species from South America.
• Solandreae Miers
  • Subtribe Juanulloinae consists 10 genera of trees and epiphytic shrubs with a neotropical distribution . Some of these genera (Dyssochroma, Merinthopodium and Trianaea) show a articulate dependency on diverse species of bats both for pollination and dispersion of seeds.^[37]
    • Dyssochroma Miers, two species from the south of Brazil
    • Hawkesiophyton Hunz. 2 species from South America
    • Juanulloa Ruiz & Pav., 11 species from Southward and Primal America
    • Markea Rich., ix species from South and Central America
    • Merinthopodium J. Donn. Sm. three species originating from South America
    • Poortmannia Drake, 1 species, from Republic of colombia, Ecuador and Republic of peru (South America)
    • Schultesianthus Hunz., eight neotropical species
    • Trianaea Planch. & Linden, vi Due south American species
  • Subtribe Solandrinae, a monotypical subtribe, differs from Juanulloinae in that its embryos take incumbent cotyledons and semi-junior ovaries.
  • Solandra Sw., 10 species from the neotropical regions of America
• Lycieae Hunz. has three genera of woody plants, which grow in arid or semiarid climates. The cosmopolitan genus Lycium is the oldest in the tribe and it has the greatest morphological variability.^[38] Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest both Grabowskia and Phrodus should exist included in the Lycium,^[39] and this genus, along with Nolana and Sclerophylax, form a clade (Lyciina), which currently lacks a taxonomic category.^[27] The red fleshy berries dispersed by birds are the master type of fruit in Lycium. The unlike types of fruit in this genus have evolved from the blazon of drupe just mentioned to a berry with a reduced number of seeds.^[40]
  • Grabowskia Schltdl., three species from Southward America
  • Lycium L., 83 cosmopolitan species
  • Phrodus Miers, two species endemic to the north of Republic of chile
• Mandragoreae (Wettst.) Hunz. & Barboza tribe does non accept a defined systematic position according to molecular phylogenetic studies.^[27]
  • Mandragora L., two species from Eurasia
• Nicandreae Wettst. is a tribe with two S American genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies signal the genera are non interrelated nor are they related with other genera of the family, so their taxonomic position is uncertain.^[27]
  • Exodeconus Raf., vi species from western South America
  • Nicandra Adans, one species distributed throughout neotropical regions
• Nolaneae Rchb. are mostly herbs and small-scale shrubs with succulent leaves, they have very beautiful flowers that range from white to various shades of blue, their fruit is schizocarpal, giving rise to various nuts.
  • Nolana 50., 89 species distributed throughout western Due south America
• Physaleae Miers, is a big tribe that is the sis of Capsiceae.
  • Subtribe Iochrominae (Miers) Hunz., a clade within the Physaleae tribe. contains 37 species, mainly distributed in the Andes, assigned to six genera. The members of this subtribe are characterized by beingness woody shrubs or small trees with attractive tubular or rotated flowers. They also possess great floral diversity, containing every blazon is present in the family. Their flowers can be red, orange, yellowish, green, bluish, majestic, or white. The corolla can be tubular to rotated, with a variation of upward to eight times in the length of the tube between the diverse species.^[41]
    • Acnistus Schott, 1 species distributed throughout the neotropics
    • Dunalia Kunth., five species from the Andes
    • Eriolarynx Hunz., three species from Argentina and Bolivia
    • Iochroma Benth., 24 species from the Andes
    • Saracha Ruiz & Pav., two species from the Andes.
    • Vassobia Rusby, ii Due south American species
  • Physalinae (Miers) Hunz. , a monophyletic subtribe, contains 10 genera and includes herbs or woody shrubs with yellowish, white, or regal lonely axillary flowers pollinated past bees. Once pollination occurs, the corolla falls and the calyx expands until it entirely covers the boll that is developing (the calyx is called accrescent). In many species, the calyx turns yellow or orangish on maturity. The berries contain many greenish to yellow-orange seeds, oft with red or royal highlights.^[42]
    • Brachistus Miers, three species from United mexican states and Central America
    • Chamaesaracha (A.Gray) Benth. & Claw., has x species from Mexico and Central America.
    • Darcyanthus, genus with just i species originating in Republic of bolivia and Peru.
    • Leucophysalis Rydberg, includes 3 species from the due south westward of the The states and Mexico.
    • Margaranthus Schlecht., with 1 species from Mexico.
    • Oryctes Due south. Watson, monotypic genus from the south w of the United states of america.
    • Physalis Fifty., the largest genus of the subtribe, with 85 species distributed through the tropical regions of the Americas and with 1 species in Red china.
    • Quincula Raf. with simply 1 species from the south west of the United States and from Mexico.
    • Trozelia Raf. with 2 species from Republic of ecuador and Peru.
    • Tzeltalia, genus segregated from Physalis, with 2 species distributed throughout Mexico and Guatemala.
    • Witheringia L' Heritier, genus with fifteen species from neotropical regions.
  • Subtribe Salpichroinae, this is a subtribe of Physaleae that includes 16 American species distributed in 1 genera:
    • Nectouxia Kunth., monotypic genus that is endemic to Mexico.
    • Salpichroa Miers, genus with 15 species from the Andes and other regions of Southward America.
  • Subtribe Withaninae, is a subtribe of Physaleae with a broad distribution, including 9 genera:
    • Archiphysalis Kuang, with three species from China and Nihon.
    • Athenaea Sendtn., which includes 7 species from Brazil.
    • Aureliana Sendtn., with 5 species from South America.
    • Cuatresia Hunz., with 11 neotropical species. Molecular studies betoken that this genus, along with Deprea and Larnax has an uncertain taxonomic position.^[27]
    • Deprea Raf., with half-dozen neotropical species.
    • Larnax Miers, many taxonomists consider it to be a synonym for Deprea, contains 22 species native to the Andes.
    • Mellissia Hook. f., monotypic genus from Saint Helena with the mutual name Saint Helena boxwood (genus recently subsumed in Withania)
    • Nothocestrum A.Gray with 4 species from Hawaii.
    • Physaliastrum Makino, with ten Asiatic species (genus recently subsumed in Withania).
    • Tubocapsicum (Wettst.) Makino, with just ane species endemic to Mainland china.
    • Withania Pauq., with 10 species native to the Canary Islands, Africa and Nepal.
• Tribe Solaneae. The genera Cyphomandra Sendtn., Discopodium Hochst., Normania Lowe, Triguera Cav. and Lycopersicum Mill have been transferred to Solanum. The subtribe is therefore composed of two genera:^[27]
  • Jaltomata Schltdl., which contains 50 neotropical species.
  • Solanum Fifty., the largest genus in the family and ane of the broadest of the angiosperms, with one,328 species distributed across the whole world.

Incertae sedis [edit]

The following genera accept not yet been placed in any of the recognized subfamilies inside the solanaceas (incertae sedis).

• Duckeodendron Kuhlmannb, monotypic genus from the Amazon rainforest.
• Parabouchetia Baillon, poorly-known, monotypic genus from Brazil.
• Pauia Deb. & Dutta, monotypic genus from Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in Due north.E.India

Genera and distribution of species [edit]

The Solanaceae contain 98 genera and some 2,700 species. Despite this immense richness of species, they are not uniformly distributed betwixt the genera. The eight most important genera incorporate more than than 60% of the species, as shown in the table below. Solanum – the genus that typifies the family unit - includes nearly 50% of the total species of the solanaceas.

Genera	Approximate number of species
Solanum	one,330
Lycianthes	200
Cestrum	150
Nolana	89
Physalis	85
Lycium	85
Nicotiana	76
Brunfelsia	45
Estimated number of species in the family	two,700

Economic importance [edit]

Pink, double-flowered Brugmansia cultivar

The family Solanaceae contains such important food species as the irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the pepper (Capsicum annuum) and the aubergine or eggplant (Solanum melongena). Nicotiana tabacum, originally from South America, is now cultivated throughout the world to produce tobacco. Many solanaceas are of import weeds in various parts of the world. Their importance lies in the fact that they can host pathogens or diseases of the cultivated plants, therefore their presence increases the loss of yield or the quality of the harvested product. An example of this tin can be seen with Acnistus arborescens and Browalia americana that host thrips, which cause damage to associated cultivated plants,^[43] and sure species of Datura that play host to various types of virus that are later transmitted to cultivated solanaceas.^[44] Some species of weeds such as, Solanum mauritianum in South Africa represent such serious ecological and economical issues that studies are being carried out with the objective of developing a biological control through the utilize of insects.^[45]

A wide variety of establish species and their cultivars belonging to the Solanaceae are grown as ornamental trees, shrubs, annuals and herbaceous perennials^[46] Examples include Brugmansia 10 candida ("Affections's Trumpet") grown for its big pendulous trumpet-shaped flowers, or Brunfelsia latifolia, whose flowers are very fragrant and modify colour from violet to white over a catamenia of iii days. Other shrub species that are grown for their attractive flowers are Lycianthes rantonnetii (Blue Potato Bush-league or Paraguay Nightshade) with violet-blue flowers and Nicotiana glauca ("Tree Tobacco") Other solanaceous species and genera that are grown every bit ornamentals are the petunia (Petunia × hybrida), Lycium, Solanum, Cestrum, Calibrachoa × hybrida and Solandra. At that place is even a hybrid between Petunia and Calibrachoa (which constitutes a new nothogenus chosen × Petchoa G. Boker & J. Shaw) that is being sold every bit an ornamental.^{[47] [48]} Many other species, in particular those that produce alkaloids, are used in pharmacology and medicine (Nicotiana, Hyoscyamus, and Datura).^[half-dozen]

Solanaceae and the genome [edit]

Many of the species belonging to this family, amongst them tobacco and the tomato, are model organisms that are used for enquiry into fundamental biological questions. One of the aspects of the solanaceas' genomics is an international project that is trying to understand how the aforementioned collection of genes and proteins can requite rising to a group of organisms that are so morphologically and ecologically different. The first objective of this project was to sequence the genome of the tomato. In order to attain this each of the 12 chromosomes of the tomato'south haploid genome was assigned to different sequencing centres in different countries. So chromosomes one and 10 were sequenced in the United States, three and eleven in Red china, ii in Korea, four in Britain, 5 in India, 7 in France, 8 in Nihon, 9 in Spain and 12 in Italy. The sequencing of the mitochondrial genome was carried out in Argentine republic and the chloroplast genome was sequenced in the European Matrimony.^{[49] [50]}

Encounter also [edit]

• List of plants poisonous to equines

References [edit]

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25. ^ ^{a b} Olmstead, Richard One thousand.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (1992). "A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the Solanaceae: Subfamilial Relationships and Character Development". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 79 (2): 346–60. doi:ten.2307/2399773. JSTOR 2399773.
26. ^ ^{a b} Martins, Talline R.; Barkman, Todd J. (2005). "Reconstruction of Solanaceae Phylogeny Using the Nuclear Cistron SAMT". Systematic Phytology. 30 (2): 435–47. doi:10.1600/0363644054223675. JSTOR 25064071. S2CID 85679774.
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Olmstead, R.Thousand.; Bohs, Fifty. (2007). "A Summary of molecular systematic research in Solanaceae: 1982-2006". Acta Horticulturae. 745 (745): 255–68. CiteSeerX10.1.1.561.2269. doi:x.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.11.
28. ^ Garcia, Vicente F.; Olmstead, Richard G. (June 2003). "Phylogenetics of Tribe Anthocercideae (Solanaceae) Based on ndhF and trn50/F Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 28 (3): 609–15. doi:10.1043/02-52.1 (inactive 31 October 2021). JSTOR 25063900. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2021 (link)
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30. ^ Mishiba, Kei-Ichiro; Ando, Toshio; Mii, Masahiro; Watanabe, Hitoshi; Kokubun, Hisashi; Hashimoto, Goro; Marchesi, Eduardo (2000). "Nuclear DNA Content as an Index Character Discriminating Taxa in the Genus Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae)". Annals of Phytology. 85 (5): 665–73. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1122.
31. ^ Knapp, S (2002). "Tobacco to tomatoes: a phylogenetic perspective on fruit diversity in the Solanaceae". Journal of Experimental Botany. 53 (377): 2001–2022. doi:ten.1093/jxb/erf068. PMID 12324525.
32. ^ Pérez, Fernanda; Arroyo, Mary T. K.; Medel, Rodrigo; Hershkovitz, Mark A. (2006). "Ancestral reconstruction of blossom morphology and pollination systems in Schizanthus (Solanaceae)". American Periodical of Botany. 93 (7): 1029–38. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.7.1029. PMID 21642168.
33. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Plant List, Atropa". Imperial Botanic Garden, Kew.
34. ^ Mace, E. Due south.; Gebhardt, C. Yard.; Lester, R. N. (1999). "AFLP analysis of genetic relationships in the tribe Datureae (Solanaceae)". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 99 (three–four): 634–41. doi:ten.1007/s001220051278. PMID 22665199. S2CID 30782826.
35. ^ Dupin, Julia; Smith, Stacey D (2017). "Phylogenetics of Datureae (Solanaceae), including description of the new genus Trompettia and re-circumscription of the tribe". Taxon. 67 (ii): 359–375. doi:10.12705/672.6.
36. ^ Sazima, M.; Buzato, S; Sazima, I (2003). "Dyssochroma viridiflorum (Solanaceae): A Reproductively Bat-dependent Epiphyte from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil". Annals of Botany. 92 (5): 725–30. doi:x.1093/aob/mcg190. PMC4244854. PMID 14500325.
37. ^ Bernardello, Luis M. (1987). "Comparative Floral Morphology in Lycieae (Solanaceae)". Brittonia. 39 (1): 112–29. doi:ten.2307/2806983. JSTOR 2806983. S2CID 84167107.
38. ^ Levin, achel A.; Mille, Jill South. (2005). "Relationships within tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae): Paraphyly of Lycium and multiple origins of gender dimorphism". American Journal of Botany. 92 (12): 2044–53. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.12.2044. JSTOR 4125537. PMID 21646122.
39. ^ Bernardello, L.; Chiang-Cabrera, F. (1998). "A cladistic study on the American species of Lycium (Solanaceae) based on morphological variation". In Fortunato, Renée H; Bacigalupo, Nélida Grand (eds.). Proceedings of the Six Congreso Latinoamericano de Botánica, Mar del Plata, Argentina, 2-8 October, 1994. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden Printing. pp. 33–46. ISBN978-0-915279-58-6.
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42. ^ Masis, C. & Madrigal, R. 1994. Lista preliminar de malezas hospedantes de Thrips (Thysanoptera) que dañan al Chrysanthemum morifolium en el valle fundamental de Republic of costa rica. Agronomía Costarricense eighteen(1): 99-101. 1994
43. ^ Ormeño, J., Sepúlveda R., Rojas, R. Malezas del género Datura como factor epidemiológico del virus del mosaico de la alfalfa (amv), virus del mosaico del pepino (cmv) y virus y de la papa (pvy) en Solanáceas cultivadas. Agricultura técnica Vol. 66, Nº. 4, 2006, 333-341 Summary in Spanish
44. ^ Pedrosa-Macedo, J., Olckers, T. & Vitorino, Thousand. 2003. Phytophagous arthropods associated with Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (Solanaceae) in the get-go Plateau of Paraná, Brazil: a cooperative project on biological control of weeds between Brazil and Due south Africa. Neotrop. Entomol. 32: 519-522. Article in English language, with a summary in Portuguese
45. ^ Arboles ornamentales cultivados en España. Solanáceas
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47. ^ The Value of Growing Petchoa SuperCal®. Ornamental News Oct 25 2012
48. ^ International Lycopersicon esculentum Sequencing Project Dwelling
49. ^ International Solanaceae Genomics Projection (SOL), Systems Approach to Diversity and Adaptation.

• D'Arcy, William G. (1986). Solanaceae. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-05780-6.
• Stevens, P. F. (2001–2007). "Solanaceae". Flowering plant Phylogeny Website, version eight, June 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04 .
• Watson, 50.; Dallwitz, M. J. "Solanaceae". The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 1 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04 .
• Dimitri, M. 1987. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas. Editorial ACME Southward.A.C.I., Buenos Aires.
• "Solanaceae Source". Retrieved 2007-11-17 .
• Hunziker, Armando T. 2001. The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.Grand. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Principality of liechtenstein. ISBN three-904144-77-4.

Further reading [edit]

• Hawkes, J. G.; Lester, R. N.; Skelding, A. D. (1979). The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London. ISBN978-0-12-333150-two.
• D'Arcy, William G. (1986). Solanacea. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-05780-vi.
• Radford, Albert Due east. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics . Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. ISBN978-0-06-045305-iii.
• Kubo, Ken-ichi; Paape, Timothy; Hatakeyama, Masaomi; Entani, Tetsuyuki; Takara, Akie; Kajihara, Kie; Tsukahara, Mai; Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie; Shimizu, Kentaro M.; Takayama, Seiji (2015). "Gene duplication and genetic exchange drive the evolution of S-RNase-based cocky-incompatibility in Petunia" (PDF). Nature Plants. ane: 14005. doi:10.1038/nplants.2014.5. PMID 27246052. Lay summary – EurekAlert! (January 8, 2015).

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solanaceae.

• Sol Genomics Network
• Solanaceae Network - pictures of plants
• Solanaceae Source - A worldwide taxonomic monograph of all species in the genus Solanum.
• Solanaceae of Republic of chile, by Chileflora ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
• Solanaceae in Fifty. Watson and 1000.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
• Solanaceae in USDA Plants Database.
• Family unit Solanaceae Flowers in Israel
• SOL Genomics Network, Universidad de Cornell
• Imagines de various species of Solanaceae
• Solanaceae de Republic of chile, by Chileflora
• Chilli: La especia del Nuevo Mundo (Commodity in Spanish by Germán Octavio López Riquelme regarding the biology, nutrition, culture and medical aspects of Chile.
• Solanaceae Resource on the Web
• Jäpelt RB, Jakobsen J (2013) Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. Forepart Constitute Sci four, No. 136 -- Note the reference to higher cholesterol levels (and consequent Vitamin D3 levels) in family Solanaceae

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae

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